Nanotechnology Learning Modules and Atomic Force Microscopy of Neanderthal Stone Tools

This thesis uses a Veeco Icon Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) to educate undergraduate students about the nanoscale world and to perform archaeological research. In chapter 2, an educational resource is developed to provide hands-on nanotechnology experience for undergraduate students. With the rapid growth of atomic force microscopy at many levels of industry and academia, it is important to expose the next generation to this technique. This learning module attempts to provide an experimental approach to learning about AFM phase imaging and its many applications. In chapters 3 and 4, AFM is used as one of several techniques for classifying the use of Neanderthal flint tools from Weasel Cave, Russia. These stone tools were identified as being used for tasks such as wood working, hide scraping, and meat cutting. Depending on the type of flint and the task involved, various degrees of abrasion occurred, leaving behind microwear polishes. These microwear traces are localized regions where the degree of polish is strongly influenced by the task being performed. The research presented in this thesis attempts to advance the study of microwear analysis using both qualitative and quantitative techniques: incident light microscopy, AFM, scanning electron microscopy, and optical interferometry.