Human Systems In Watershed Modeling: A Literature Review Of Integrated Watershed Modeling In The United States

Water is both a natural resource and public good. It plays a critical role in a host of environmental processes and economic, social and political activities. Recent technological advancements, emerging research methods and more comprehensive datasets are increasingly available for applications within integrated watershed models. Despite new developments, models are not always effective tools in decision-making. Information about human systems is a central component within effective watershed models. The objectives of this review were to determine how human systems are integrated into watershed models in the United States and to evaluate whether emerging techniques for developing integrative models lead to more effective representations of human systems within complex watershed systems. Findings suggest that effective integrated watershed models remain the exception in watershed management. Currently, the most effective integrated watershed modeling approaches are expensive and require several years to establish within a watershed. Participatory/social approaches are increasingly demonstrated to contribute to more effective decision-making tools. Moving forward, improved efforts are needed to establish flexible and adaptable modeling tools that can be utilized across unique locations.